XINJIANG AREA

XINJIANG AREA

1. Xinjiang Highlights
2. Central Xinjiang
3. Ueruemqi
4. Tian Chi
5. Turpan
6. Around Turpan
7. Hami (Kumul)
8. Kuqa
9. Around Kuqa
10. Southwest Xinjiang Kashgaria
11. Kashgar
12. Karakoram Highway
13. Southern Silk Road
14. Yengisar
15. Yarkand
16. Karghilik
17. Hotan
18. Cherchen
19. Charklik
20. Northern Xinjiang
21. Bu'erjin
22. Kanas Lake Nature Reserve
23. Yining
24. Sayram Lake 

Sumber : Lonelyplanet.com

PRAMUKA : SIMBOL ARAH CHAPTER 2

PRAMUKA : SIMBOL ARAH CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER II

WILDERNESS SIGNS OF DIRECTION

ON INDIAN TRAILS; GAME TRAILS AND PROSPECTORS' TRAILS; ALSO USED BY GYPSIES, SCOUTS, EXPLORERS AND SPORTSMEN

Fig. 12½. Three blazes on a tree indicate an important "line" tree, or more frequently a witness tree for a corner of plot of land; usually another blaze is made on side of tree nearest the stake or stone marking the corner.

Fig. 13. Blazed trail. It tells the traveler that a line or trail runs alongside of the points marked. It does not give the particular direction like the arrow because this trail may be followed either way. In the diagram the blazes are much closer than they would be in the wilderness, but it is so made that the reader may more readily understand it. (Surveyors,' trappers,' foresters,' and explorers' sign.)

Fig. 14. Spot trail; useful in traveling after sunset as one blaze may be seen from a position close to any other blaze, but cannot be seen from a position to one side of it. (Hunters,' trappers and foresters' signs.) With surveyors a spot mark indicates a line tree, that is a tree standing on the line; sometimes both a spot and a side blaze is used to show that the line hits the tree on one side.

Fig. 15. Broken bush trails. When traveling in an unknown country, one bends and breaks the bushes backwards so that their tops point backwards. When retracing one's steps, one's eyes will catch the exposed under surface of the leaves on the broken bushes, thus making it easy to find the way back. (Hunters,' trappers,' and Scout signs.)

Fig. 16. (Kikaige, I make marks on the road setting up branches—Chippewa). When a stick is stuck diagonally in the ground, the free point shows the direction to camp. In the Northwest, when an Indian has made a kill of moose, sheep or caribou he puts one end of a fresh willow stick in the ground and wraps a bit of the skin of the dead animal on the end of it as an invitation to anyone coming along that trail to come and eat. If the willow stick is fresh and not withered the traveler knows that food and camp are not far ahead of him, but if the willow stick is wilted and drooping, the traveler knows that it has been there a long time and the hunters have probably eaten up the food supply and hit the trail; but the stick in Fig. 16 simply indicates direction. (Abnaki Indians.)

Fig. 17. A long upright stick at the upper end of the pointer tells us that camp is a long distance ahead. (Abnaki Indians.)

Fig. 18. A short upright stick near the buried end of the pointer tells us that camp is a short distance ahead. (Abnaki Indians.)

Fig. 19. A number of upright sticks against the leaning stick indicate the number of "sleeps," or days' journey (for the Indian), but with the Boy Scouts of America it tells the number of miles to camp. (Abnaki Indians.)

Fig. 20. A cleft stick with a forked stick in the cleft tells us that the direction is pointed by the end of the stick. (Gypsy sign.) A green stick thrust in the mud near the shore of a lake or stream, with a chip in the cleft at the top shows the canoe trail. This is sometimes blazed on side and front to show direction taken by outgoing canoe party. (N. W. Quebec Indians.)

Fig. 21. A stone on top of another stone tells us that this is the trail.

Fig. 22. A stone with another stone on top of it and a stone to the right means to turn to the right. (English Boy Scout Sign.)

Fig. 23. The same with a stone to the left of it reads; "Turn to the left here." (English Boy Scout Sign.)

Fig. 24. In the prairie and open country a bunch of grass tied together at the top tells us that this is the trail. (Sioux Indian Sign, Dr. Eastman.)

Fig. 25. If the top ends of the grass are bent to the right, it tells us to turn to the right. (Sioux Indian Sign, Dr. Eastman.)

Fig. 26. If the top of the grass is bent to the left, it tells one to turn to the left. (Sioux Indian Sign. Dr. Eastman.)

Fig. 27. Two sticks laid on the ground in the form of a "V," indicate the direction same as Fig. 8. (Gypsies.)

Fig. 28. A row of little stones laid in the form of a "V" indicates the direction taken. (Gypsies.)

Fig. 29. A green forked stick laid with apparent carelessness upon the ground to the keen eye of the vagabond tells him that companions have lately passed in this direction. (Gypsies.)

Fig. 30. The lop-stick. In heavily wooded districts when the attention of a passer-by is required, a prominent tree is selected, a space cleared around it and the branches of the tree lopped off for a considerable distance up the trunk. Such a mark cannot escape the eye of the passer-by. (Alaska Prospectors, Explorers, and Indians.)

If, for instance, one of a party goes ahead and comes to a lake which is crossed, the water affords no means of marking a trail, but if on the hill or high bank where he again takes up his trail, a tree is lopped in this manner, it will attract the immediate attention of those following and enable them to pick up the trail on the opposite side of the lake. The lop-stick is frequently made to commemorate some event:

"The next day we dug him a grave above high-water mark. . . . I climbed the tree to make a memorial of the North—the lop-stick."—STEFANSON.

The lop-stick in the wilderness of Canada, now 1918, is frequently a wireless station used probably for war purposes. Several such trees were recently pointed out to the author by wilderness canoe men.

PRAMUKA: SIMBOL ARAH CHAPTER 1

PRAMUKA : SIMBOL ARAH

sumber : A SCOUT'S BOOK OF SIGNS, SIGNALS AND SYMBOLS by DANIEL CARTER BEARD

This Dover edition, first published in 2018, is an unabridged republication of the work originally published by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, in 1918, under the title The American Boys' Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols.

International Standard Book Number

ISBN-13: 978-0-486-82086-6

ISBN-10: 0-486-82086-6

Manufactured in the United States by LSC Communications

82086601 2018

www.doverpublications.com

SIMBOL ARAH 

CHAPTER I

SIGNS OF DIRECTION

AS FOUND ON SIGN-POSTS AND AS MARKED WITH PENCIL OR CHALK ON FENCES, BARNS, SHEDS AND TELEPHONE POLES

White arrow in parallelogram cutting a circle horizontally. Go this way only. (Traffic sign.)

Fig. 2. Hand with index finger pointing, or an arrow. Usually on painted signs and maps indicating that the proper direction is that indicated by the point of the arrow or the pointing finger. (Sign-boards.)

Fig. 3. An arrow with a circle on its shaft means literally "nothing doing" in this direction. (Hobo and wilderness Scout Sign.)

Fig. 4. Arrow with a perpendicular line across the shaft indicates that the leading man, scout or person left the beaten trail at point marked and took the direction indicated by the arrow. Both Figures 3 and 4 are used on explorers' and military maps. (Wilderness Scout Sign.)

Fig. 5. An arrow with a parallelogram where the feathers should be, tells the reader that a message, a letter, or a document of some kind is concealed three paces from the sign in the direction indicated by the arrow. (English Boy Scout Sign.)

Fig. 6. Circle with two arrows across it is a command to move on quickly. A chalk-sign used by hoboes, yeggmen and vagabonds. Usually a warning that the constable or police are looking for them. (Tramp Sign.)

Fig. 7. Circle with dash cutting the circumference. Used at crossroads. Means take the trail pointed to by the line. (Hobo sign.)

Fig. 8. The letter V placed horizontally is really the outline of an arrow-head with the same meaning as the pointing hand and the arrow. (Fig. 2.) A sign of direction.

Fig. 9. Is the same as Fig. 8 but you will note it has a short line near its point, or apex. This means that camp or the place of rendezvous is but a short distance ahead in the direction indicated. (Modification of Indian Stick sign.)

Fig. 10. The same as Figure 9 but in this case the vertical line is at the open wide part of the V in place of at the point. Meaning a long distance to camp. (Adapted from the Indian Trail signs.)

Fig. 11. The same as the preceding figures but with an addition of a number of vertical lines crossing the V. With the Indians each vertical line stands for a day's journey, but with the people in the more thickly settled country, distances are measured by miles, and each line indicates a mile. With boys using these chalk-signs in town, each line will represent a block or city square. (Adapted from Indian Trail signs.)

Fig. 12. A wave stem arrow with circles, cross lines and half lines. Is used by the knights of the road, gypsies, tramps and hoboes to tell their fellows in this case, that two children, four men and three women passed this way. The arrow indicates direction, the circles indicate children, the four lines crossing the shaft of the arrow indicate men and the three half lines indicate women, which tells us very distinctly that in the underworld children are looked upon as ciphers, and women as but half men (European Hobo sign.)

The foregoing signs of direction may be pencilled, marked with a soft brick, a burnt stick or a piece of chalk or painted on signposts. But, as a rule, they are not practical signs to use in a country where there are no fences or buildings or sidewalks, consequently the people traversing the wilderness and wild country resort to other methods of marking the trail.